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Album Chart of the Decade: 1960s |



THE ALBUM TAKES OVER
This was the decade when the album overtook the single as the foremost recorded music statement, both artistically and in terms of sales/marketing. The complete album approach was famously celebrated as The Beatles and The Beach Boys traded transatlantic blows from “Rubber Soul” (1965) to “Pet Sounds” (1966) to “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band” (1967). The Doors producer Paul Rothchild nailed it brilliantly: “Things were wonderful in the 60's, because it was an era of intense experimentation. Everyone was trying to out-hip each other”.
With 7 albums in my Top 100, Bob Dylan is, without doubt, my artist of the decade, with a sharp and intelligent commentary that was backed by a killer catalogue of songs; his fertility between 1962 and 1966 seems super-human to me. As if to underline these majestic credentials, his “Blonde On Blonde” masterpiece stands as the first set of “rock era” songs to be issued on the double long play format, clocking in just shy of the 72 minute mark. The Jazz and Classical markets had been producing such sets since 1950, and even Johnny Cash had got involved in 1965, but Dylan's ambitious release stands as an influential landmark in the story of the album in more ways than one. Double albums would soon become fairly common with The Mothers of Invention (“Freak Out”), The Jimi Hendrix Experience (“Electric Ladyland”), The Beatles (“'White Album'”) and Captain Beefheart (“Trout Mask Replica”) serving as just a few examples.
Almost naturally, America's dominance in the western world's musical culture was slightly lessened in the 60s; 28% of my Top 100 came from the British Isles, with beat groups such as The Beatles, The Kinks, Them and The Rolling Stones spearheading the famous “invasion” and finding favour with me.
The Folk revival which had been bubbling under in the 50s, comes to the boil in the 60s with fine servings from Bob Dylan, Simon & Garfunkel, The Dubliners, Leonard Cohen and a great many others. Reflecting the drug culture of the decade, psychedelic music-makers such as The Doors, Love and The Seeds serve up a myriad of earthly delights. It's also a massive decade for soul music with amazing records from the likes of Aretha Franklin, Irma Thomas and Otis Redding.
Pop and Country remain of course, but the biggest thing to take from the albums of the 60s is the widening of the musical language and landscape; Ska / Rocksteady and Reggae emerge from Jamaica and, for me, Prince Buster and Desmond Dekker sit quite happily beside experimental fresh and edgy music from groups such as Monks, The Velvet Underground, Silver Apples and Can.
The Jukebox Rebel
08-May-2019
Top 100 overview | |
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Countries | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Genres | Folk (21); Blues Rock / Soul Rock (15); Psychedelia (15); Blues / Rhythm n Blues (10); Folk Rock / Americana (10); Pop (8); Cerebral Pop (7); Soul (7); Soul Ballad (7); Songwriter (6); Rock n Roll / Rockabilly (4); Trance Rock (4); Alternative Folk (3); Avant-Garde (3); Country (3); Proto-Punk (3); Africana (2); Pop Ballad (2); Reggae (2); Ska / Rocksteady (2); Electronica (1); Jazz (1); Moodcore (1); Rock (1); Rock n Roll Ballad (1); Storytelling (1) |
Artists | Bob Dylan (7); The Dubliners (5); The Doors (4); Nico (3); Otis Redding (3); Simon & Garfunkel (3); The Beatles (3); The Kinks (3); The Rolling Stones (3); The Seeds (3); The Velvet Underground (3) |
Average album rating (/10) | ![]() |

The Velvet Underground and Nico
Verve Records V6-5008 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “All Tomorrow’s Parties” (10) • “Venus In Furs” (10) • “I’m Waiting For The Man” (10)


Bob Dylan
Columbia CL-2389 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “Like A Rolling Stone” (10) • “Ballad Of A Thin Man” (10) • “Tombstone Blues” (10)


Bob Dylan
Columbia C2L-41 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “One Of Us Must Know (Sooner Or Later)” (10) • “Visions Of Johanna” (10) • “Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat” (10)


Bob Dylan
Columbia CL-2193 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “I Shall Be Free No. 10” (10) • “Chimes Of Freedom” (10) • “To Ramona” (10)


The Sonics
Etiquette Records ETALB-024 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “Psycho” (10) • “Have Love Will Travel” (10) • “Boss Hoss” (9.7)


Leonard Cohen
Columbia CS-9767 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Bird On The Wire” (10) • “Tonight Will Be Fine” (10) • “Lady Midnight” (9.8)


Bob Dylan
Columbia CL-1986 (1963)


Jukebox picks: “Masters Of War” (10) • “Bob Dylan’s Blues” (9.9) • “A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall” (9.8)


Aretha Franklin
Atlantic 8139 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “I Never Loved A Man (The Way I Love You)” (10) • “Respect” (10) • “Dr. Feelgood (Love Is A Serious Business)” (9.8)


Nick Drake
Island Records ILPS-9105 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Cello Song” (10) • “River Man” (10) • “Saturday Sun” (9.5)


Nico
Verve Records V6-5032 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “These Days” (10) • “Little Sister” (10) • “I’ll Keep It With Mine” (10)


The Velvet Underground
Verve Records V6-5046 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Sister Ray” (10) • “Lady Godiva’s Operation” (9.5) • “White Light / White Heat” (9.4)


The Velvet Underground
MGM Records SE-4617 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Pale Blue Eyes” (10) • “What Goes On” (9.9) • “Some Kinda Love” (9.8)


The Stooges
Elektra EKS-74051 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “I Wanna Be Your Dog” (10) • “Little Doll” (9.8) • “1969” (9.5)


Leonard Cohen
Columbia CS-9533 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “So Long, Marianne” (10) • “Teachers” (10) • “Hey, That’s No Way To Say Goodbye” (10)


Elmore James and The Broom Dusters
Crown Records CLP-5168 (1960)


Jukebox picks: “Dust My Blues” (9.9) • “Goodbye Baby” (9.6) • “Blues Before Sunrise” (9.2)


The Can
Music Factory SRS-001 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Father Cannot Yell” (9.7) • “Yoo Doo Right” (9.6) • “Outside My Door” (8.0)


The Doors
Elektra EKS-74007 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The End” (10) • “Take It As It Comes” (9.7) • “Break On Through (To The Other Side)” (9.6)


Monks
International Polydor Production 249 900 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “I Hate You” (10) • “Blast Off!” (9.6) • “Monk Time” (9.5)


Silver Apples
Kapp Records KS-3584 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Fantasies” (9.8) • “I Have Known Love” (9.4) • “You And I” (8.8)


Roy Orbison
Monument SM-14002 (1961)


Jukebox picks: “(I’d Be) A Legend In My Time” (10) • “Only The Lonely (Know The Way I Feel” (10) • “Blue Angel” (9.8)


Irma Thomas
Imperial LP-9266 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “Without Love (There Is Nothing)” (9.5) • “Straight From The Heart” (9.2) • “I’ve Been There” (9.2)


Howlin’ Wolf
Chess LP-1469 (1962)


Jukebox picks: “Goin’ Down Slow” (10) • “Down In The Bottom” (9.9) • “The Red Rooster” (9.4)


Van Morrison
Warner Bros. Records WS-1768 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Madame George” (10) • “Astral Weeks” (9.9) • “Cyprus Avenue” (9.7)


The Rolling Stones
Decca SKL-4955 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Street Fighting Man” (9.9) • “Parachute Woman” (9.5) • “Sympathy For The Devil” (9.1)


The Doors
Elektra EKS-75005 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Touch Me” (10) • “Tell All The People” (9.4) • “Runnin’ Blue” (9.3)


Dark City Sisters
His Master's Voice JP-1002 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Hole Thabe” (10) • “Ingwababa” (9.1) • “Malenkhu A Marumo” (9.0)


Bob Dylan
Columbia CL-1779 (1962)


Jukebox picks: “Song To Woody” (10) • “In My Time Of Dyin’” (9.6) • “Highway 51 Blues” (9.2)


Simon and Garfunkel
Columbia CL-2563 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Homeward Bound” (10) • “The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine” (9.1) • “The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin’ Groovy)” (8.7)


Love
Elektra EKS-74013 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Alone Again Or” (9.8) • “A House Is Not A Motel” (9.5) • “Live And Let Live” (8.9)


Simon and Garfunkel
Columbia CL-2469 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “The Sounds Of Silence [’65 single version]” (10) • “Blessed” (9.7) • “I Am A Rock” (9.4)


Prince Buster
Blue Beat BBLP-820 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Rough Rider [album vesion]” (9.8) • “Scorcher” (9.6) • “Dreams To Remember” (9.4)


The Beatles
Parlophone PMC-7009 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Eleanor Rigby” (10) • “Tomorrow Never Knows” (10) • “Taxman” (9.8)


Them
Decca LK-4751 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Turn On Your Love Light” (10) • “Call My Name” (9.4) • “I Can Only Give You Everything” (9.3)


The Kinks
Pye Records NPL-18149 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Rainy Day In June” (9.6) • “Most Exclusive Residence For Sale” (9.5) • “Session Man” (9.4)


The Seeds
GNP Crescendo GNP-2033 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Up In Her Room” (10) • “Mr. Farmer” (9.2) • “A Faded Picture” (8.3)


The Shangri-Las
Red Bird RB 20-104 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “Out In The Streets” (9.8) • “The Train From Kansas City” (9.3) • “Give Us Your Blessings” (9.1)


The Dubliners
Major Minor MMLP-5 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The Croppy Boy” (10) • “The Auld Triangle” (10) • “A Nation Once Again” (9.8)


Toots and The Maytals
Beverley's Records LP-005 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Monkey Man” (10) • “Sweet And Dandy” (9.9) • “Pressure Drop” (9.8)


The Dubliners
Major Minor MMLP-3 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Black Velvet Band” (10) • “The Old Alarm Clock” (9.8) • “Seven Drunken Nights [album version ’67]” (9.6)


Bob Dylan
Columbia CL-2328 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “On The Road Again” (9.6) • “Subterranean Homesick Blues” (8.9) • “Bob Dylan’s 115th Dream” (8.7)


The Rolling Stones
London Records LL-3429 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “The Under Assistant West Coast Promotion Man” (10) • “That's How Strong My Love Is” (9.3) • “The Spider And The Fly” (9.3)


The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Track Record 612 001 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Manic Depression” (10) • “Remember” (9.2) • “Foxy Lady” (8.8)


Otis Redding
Volt VOLT-412 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “I’ve Been Loving You Too Long” (9.7) • “Respect” (9.5) • “A Change Is Gonna Come” (8.8)


Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band
Buddah Records BDS-5001 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Electricity” (10) • “Sure ’Nuff ’n Yes I Do” (9.8) • “Dropout Boogie” (9.7)


The Beach Boys
Capitol Records T-2458 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Sloop John B” (10) • “I’m Waiting For The Day” (10) • “God Only Knows” (9.7)


The Doors
Elektra EKS-74024 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “The Unknown Soldier” (9.4) • “Five To One” (9.2) • “Spanish Caravan” (8.8)


The Incredible String Band
Elektra EUK-257 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The Hedgehog’s Song” (9.4) • “Chinese White” (9.1) • “Little Cloud” (8.9)


The Beatles
Parlophone PMC-1240 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “Mr. Moonlight” (10) • “No Reply” (10) • “Baby’s In Black” (9.5)


Johnny Cash
Columbia C2L-38 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “25 Minutes To Go [1965]” (10) • “Sam Hall” (10) • “Streets Of Laredo” (9.2)


Izintombi Zesi Manje Manje / Space Queens
CBS LAB-4005 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Isinkwa Nobanana” (9.3) • “Sesi Ngenile” (9.1) • “Ingwe Idla Ngamabala” (8.7)


Irma Thomas
Imperial LP-9302 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Take A Look” (10) • “You Don’t Miss A Good Thing (Until It’s Gone)” (8.8) • “Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand)” (8.2)


The Doors
Elektra EKS-74014 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Love Me Two Times” (9.7) • “People Are Strange” (8.7) • “Strange Days” (8.3)


Karen Dalton
Capitol Records ST-271 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “In The Evening (It’s So Hard To Tell Who’s Going To Love You The Best)” (9.4) • “It Hurts Me Too” (9.2) • “Little Bit Of Rain” (8.9)


The Who
Brunswick LAT-8616 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “My Generation” (10) • “The Kids Are Alright” (9.8) • “Much Too Much” (9.5)


Woody Guthrie
Folkways Records FH-5485 (1960)


Jukebox picks: “Two Good Men” (9.0) • “Vanzetti’s Letter” (8.9) • “Sacco’s Letter To His Son” (8.3)


Judy Collins
Elektra EKS-7320 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Liverpool Lullaby” (8.6) • “La Colombe” (8.5) • “Dress Rehearsal Rag” (8.5)


Eric Burdon and The Animals
MGM Records SE-4484 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The Black Plague” (10) • “Winds Of Change” (9.4) • “Yes I Am Experienced” (8.3)


Blues Magoos
Mercury SR-61096 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “(We Ain’t Got) Nothin’ Yet” (9.3) • “I’ll Go Crazy” (9.2) • “Gotta Get Away” (8.4)


Etta James
Argo LP-4003 (1960)


Jukebox picks: “I Just Want To Make Love To You” (9.8) • “At Last” (9.3) • “My Dearest Darling” (9.1)


Ivor Cutler
Decca LK-4405 (1961)


Jukebox picks: “A Red Flower” (10) • “Are You Alright Jack” (9.4) • “Steady Job” (9.2)


The Byrds
Columbia CS-9172 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “Mr. Tambourine Man” (10) • “All I Really Want To Do” (9.6) • “I’ll Feel A Whole Lot Better” (9.4)


The Dubliners
Transatlantic Records TRA-124 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “The Kerry Recruit [live ‘64]” (9.9) • “Róisín Dubh [live ‘64]” (9.8) • “The Leaving Of Liverpool [live ‘64]” (9.7)


P.P. Arnold
Immediate IMSP-011 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The First Cut Is The Deepest” (10) • “Everything’s Gonna Be Alright” (9.3) • “Am I Still Dreaming?” (8.8)


The Seeds
GNP Crescendo GNP-2023 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Pushin’ Too Hard” (9.4) • “Can’t Seem To Make You Mine” (9.3) • “No Escape” (8.6)


The Dubliners
Transatlantic Records TRA-139 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Nelson’s Farewell [live ’66]” (9.8) • “Surrounded By Water (The Sea Around Us) [live ’66]” (8.4) • “McAlpine’s Fusiliers [live ’66]” (8.3)


Tyrannosaurus Rex
Regal Zonophone SLRZ-1003 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Mustang Ford” (9.6) • “Hot Rod Mama” (9.4) • “Weilder Of Words” (9.1)


Bridget St. John
Dandelion Records S-63750 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Ask Me No Questions” (9.6) • “To B Without A Hitch” (9.5) • “Barefeet And Hot Pavements” (9.3)


Jimmy Reed
Vee Jay Records VJLP-1035 (1961)


Jukebox picks: “Bright Lights, Big City [1961 version]” (9.5) • “Blue Carnegie” (8.7) • “Kind Of Lonesome” (8.6)


The Beatles
Capitol Records MAL-2835 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Strawberry Fields Forever” (9.2) • “Baby You’re A Rich Man” (9.1) • “I Am The Walrus” (8.9)


Chuck Berry
Chess LPS-1488 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “Promised Land” (9.2) • “You Never Can Tell” (9.1) • “No Particular Place To Go” (8.8)


Simon and Garfunkel
Columbia CL-2249 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “The Sounds Of Silence” (10) • “Last Night I Had The Strangest Dream” (8.9) • “He Was My Brother” (8.6)


Otis Redding
Volt VOLT-411 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “That’s How Strong My Love Is” (9.4) • “Come To Me” (8.9) • “Keep Your Arms Around Me” (8.9)


Girlie and Laurel Aitken
Pama Records ECO-8 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Stupid Married Man” (8.5) • “Mr. Soul” (8.5) • “Night Cricket” (8.3)


Silver Apples
Kapp Records KS-3562 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Misty Mountain” (9.0) • “Oscillations” (8.5) • “Velvet Cave” (8.1)


Johnny Cash
Columbia CL-2248 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “Apache Tears” (8.6) • “The Ballad Of Ira Hayes” (8.4) • “The Talking Leaves” (8.1)


The Kinks
Pye Records NPL-18317 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Young And Innocent Days” (9.2) • “Victoria” (9.0) • “Shangri-La” (8.5)


Buffy Saint-Marie
Vanguard VSD-79142 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “Babe In Arms” (8.8) • “The Old Man's Lament” (8.4) • “Ananias” (8.3)


Otis Redding
Volt VOLT-413 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Good To Me” (9.1) • “634-5789 (Soulsville, U.S.A.)” (8.5) • “Just One More Day” (8.1)


Phil Ochs
A&M Records SP-4133 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The Crucifixion” (8.8) • “Flower Lady” (8.7) • “Pleasures Of The Harbor” (8.1)


Bob Dylan
Columbia CL-2804 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “The Ballad Of Frankie Lee And Judas Priest” (10) • “Drifter’s Escape” (8.2) • “I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine” (8.0)


Van Morrison
Bang Records BLP-218 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “He Ain't Give You None” (9.9) • “T.B. Sheets” (9.4) • “Who Drove The Red Sports Car?” (7.6)


Prince Buster
Blue Beat BBLP-802 (1963)


Jukebox picks: “Madness” (10) • “Black Head Chinaman” (9.2) • “Jealous” (8.3)


The Shirelles
Scepter Records LP-501 (1960)


Jukebox picks: “Tonight’s The Night” (10) • “Dedicated To The One I Love” (10) • “Will You Love Me Tomorrow” (10)


The Kinks
Pye Records NPL-18096 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “You Really Got Me” (9.8) • “So Mystifying” (9.4) • “I Took My Baby Home” (7.8)


Donovan
Epic LN-24217 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Ferris Wheel” (9.3) • “Season Of The Witch” (8.7) • “Sunshine Superman” (8.6)


Sam Cooke
RCA Victor LPM-2709 (1963)


Jukebox picks: “Nobody Knows The Trouble I’ve Seen” (9.1) • “Mean Old World” (8.9) • “Little Red Rooster” (8.4)


Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band
Blue Thumb Records BTS-1 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Beatle Bones ’n’ Smokin’ Stones” (9.0) • “Trust Us” (8.2) • “On Tomorrow” (8.0)


The Ronettes
Philles Records PHLP-4006 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “Be My Baby” (10) • “(The Best Part Of) Breakin’ Up” (9.9) • “Baby, I Love You” (9.7)


The Flying Burrito Brothers
A&M Records SP-4175 (1969)


Jukebox picks: “Sin City” (10) • “Do You Know How It Feels” (9.3) • “Hot Burrito #1” (8.9)


The Dubliners
Major Minor MMLP-34 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “The Irish Navy” (9.3) • “I Wish I Were Back In Liverpool” (8.5) • “Many Young Men Of Twenty” (8.1)


Roy Orbison
Monument MLP-8003 (1963)


Jukebox picks: “No One Will Ever Know” (10) • “In Dreams” (9.5) • “Shahdaroba” (7.8)


The Seeds
GNP Crescendo GNP-2038 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Flower Lady And Her Assistant” (9.1) • “Fallin’” (8.8) • “Now A Man” (8.1)


Pink Floyd
Columbia SX-6157 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Lucifer Sam” (9.2) • “Astronomy Domine” (8.6) • “Chapter 24” (8.3)


The Mothers Of Invention
Verve Records V6-5005-2 (1966)


Jukebox picks: “Trouble Every Day” (9.5) • “Hungry Freaks, Daddy” (9.1) • “Help, I’m A Rock” (8.9)


Nico
Elektra EKS-74029 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Evening Of Light” (10) • “Facing The Wind” (9.3) • “No-One Is There” (8.2)


The Grehan Sisters
Transatlantic Records TRA-160 (1967)


Jukebox picks: “Tommy Mcdonagh” (9.3) • “The Black Velvet Band” (9.2) • “The Lake Of Coolfin” (8.2)


The Rolling Stones
Decca LK-4605 (1964)


Jukebox picks: “I’m A King Bee” (9.1) • “Honest I Do” (8.6) • “You Can Make It If You Try” (8.6)


Genoa Keawe
Hula Records HS-507 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “`Ahulili” (9.3) • “Mauna Loa” (9.1) • “`Alika” (7.8)


Tyrannosaurus Rex
Regal Zonophone SLRZ-1005 (1968)


Jukebox picks: “Deboraarobed” (10) • “Stacey Grove” (9.4) • “Conesuala” (8.6)


Them
Decca LK-4700 (1965)


Jukebox picks: “Gloria” (9.8) • “Bright Lights, Big City” (8.7) • “I’m Gonna Dress In Black” (7.8)

see also: (B-list) Album Chart of the 1960s |
Album Charts by year
“A-list”
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
“B-list”
1943 1945 1946 1950 1951 1952 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Album Charts by decade
“A-list”
1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s